The smallest buffalo species in the world is the lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis). Native to the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia, the lowland anoa is a small and elusive member of the Bovidae family.

Adult lowland anoas are relatively compact, with a shoulder height ranging from about 70 to 80 centimeters (28 to 31 inches). They have a robust build and short, curved horns. Unlike some larger buffalo species, anoas are not known for forming large herds. They are generally solitary or found in small family groups.

The lowland anoa is listed as endangered, primarily due to habitat loss and hunting. Conservation efforts are in place to protect and preserve this unique and vulnerable species in its native habitat.

Buffaloes are herbivores, and their diet mainly consists of grasses and other plant materials. They graze on a variety of vegetation, including grasses, herbs, shrubs, and even aquatic plants. Buffaloes are well adapted to feeding on coarse grasses, and their digestive system allows them to extract nutrients from fibrous plant material.

Water buffalo, for example, are known to graze on a wide range of grasses found in wetlands and marshy areas. African buffalo, also known as Cape buffalo, graze on grasses in savannas and grasslands. The American bison, often referred to as buffalo, primarily graze on grasses in prairies and meadows.

While their diet is predominantly composed of grass, buffaloes may also consume leaves, stems, and other plant parts. Their feeding habits play a crucial role in shaping and maintaining the ecosystems they inhabit.

Buffaloes reproduce through sexual reproduction. The process involves courtship, mating, gestation, and the birth of offspring. Here is an overview of their reproductive process:

1. Courtship: During the mating season, male buffaloes, known as bulls, engage in courtship behaviors to attract females. This may involve displays of strength, vocalizations, and physical interactions between competing males.
2. Mating: Once a female, known as a cow, is receptive to mating, she selects a mate from the competing males. Mating typically involves copulation, during which the male deposits sperm into the female’s reproductive tract.
3. Gestation: After successful mating, the female undergoes a gestation period. The duration of gestation varies among different buffalo species but generally lasts several months.
4. Calving: At the end of the gestation period, the female gives birth to a single calf, although twins can occur in some cases. Calving often takes place in a secluded area, providing protection for the vulnerable newborn.
5. Maternal Care: The mother, or cow, provides maternal care to the calf, nursing it with milk and offering protection from predators. The calf relies on its mother for nourishment and guidance during the early stages of life.

Buffaloes are social animals, and their reproductive behavior is influenced by the dynamics within the herd. Breeding seasons, courtship rituals, and the timing of births can vary based on factors such as environmental conditions and the availability of resources.

The lifespan of buffaloes can vary depending on factors such as the species, environmental conditions, and whether they are in the wild or captivity. In general:

1. Wild Water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee): Wild water buffaloes, native to South and Southeast Asia, have an average lifespan of around 25 to 30 years in the wild.
2. Cape Buffalo (Syncerus caffer): Native to Africa, Cape buffaloes have a lifespan of approximately 20 to 25 years in the wild.
3. Domestic Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): Domesticated water buffaloes, which are often used for agriculture and milk production, can live up to 25 years or more, depending on their living conditions and care.

It’s important to note that lifespans can be influenced by factors such as habitat quality, availability of food and water, the presence of predators, and human activities. Buffaloes in captivity may experience different lifespans due to controlled environments and veterinary care.

While the terms “buffalo” and “bison” are sometimes used interchangeably, they refer to different species of large, herbivorous mammals. The main differences between buffalo and bison are related to their species, geographic distribution, physical characteristics, and horns:

1. Species:
   • Buffalo: This term is commonly used to refer to two distinct species—the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). African buffaloes are found in various regions of Africa, while water buffaloes are native to Asia.
   • Bison: When referring to animals in North America, “bison” is the correct term. There are two primary species—the American bison (Bison bison) and the European bison (Bison bonasus). The American bison is more commonly known and is the largest land mammal in North America.
2. Geographic Distribution:
   • Buffalo: African buffaloes are found in sub-Saharan Africa, and water buffaloes are native to Asia but have been introduced to other continents for domestication.
   • Bison: American bison are native to North America, with populations primarily found in the United States and Canada. European bison are found in parts of Europe.
3. Physical Characteristics:
   • Buffalo: African buffaloes have a robust build and distinctive, curved horns that sweep backward. Water buffaloes are well adapted to aquatic environments, with long, curved horns and a stocky body.
   • Bison: American bison have a hump at the shoulders, a massive head, and shorter, curvier horns that point upward. European bison also have a hump but differ in appearance from their American counterparts.
4. Horns:
   • Buffalo: Typically, both African and water buffaloes have longer, curved horns.
   • Bison: Bison have shorter, thicker horns that curve upward.

In summary, while “buffalo” may refer to different species in various parts of the world, “bison” specifically refers to the American and European bison found in North America and Europe, respectively.