Shih Tzu

Physical Characteristics

The Shih Tzu is a small, sturdy toy breed known for its luxurious coat, charming face, and affectionate personality.

Coat:
Shih Tzus have a long, flowing double coat consisting of a soft, dense undercoat and a silky outer coat. The hair grows straight and can reach the ground if left untrimmed. Coat colors are highly varied and may include gold, white, black, liver, blue, brindle, silver, or combinations of these, often with distinctive facial markings.

Face:
They have a rounded head with a short, broad muzzle and a well-defined stop. Their large, dark, round eyes give them a warm, gentle expression, while their nose is broad with open nostrils. The ears are large, set slightly below the crown, and heavily feathered, blending into the side coat.

Body:
Despite their small size, Shih Tzus have a solid, compact frame with good bone structure. The body is slightly longer than tall, with a level topline and a deep chest.

Tail:
The tail is set high, carried in a graceful curve over the back, and heavily plumed, contributing to the breed’s signature elegant look.

Size:

• Length (Body): Approximately 10 to 14 in (25 to 36 cm) from chest to rump.

• Shoulder Height:

  • Males and Females: 9 to 10.5 in (23 to 27 cm)

Weight:

• Adult: 9 to 16 lbs (4 to 7.3 kg)

Shih Tzus’ physical characteristics combine toy-breed charm, a sturdy frame, and a luxurious coat, making them both visually striking and physically resilient compared to many other small breeds.

Reproduction

The reproductive cycle of the Shih Tzu follows the standard domestic dog pattern, but their small size and short muzzle (brachycephalic structure) require extra attention during breeding, pregnancy, and whelping.

1. Mating and Courtship:
Shih Tzus typically reach sexual maturity between 6 and 9 months, but responsible breeding is delayed until females are at least 18 months old to ensure full physical maturity. Breeding pairs should be selected for good health, temperament, and conformation to avoid hereditary issues.

2. Estrus Cycle:
Females generally come into heat twice a year, with each heat lasting around 2–3 weeks. The fertile window is usually between days 9–14, though ovulation timing can vary.

3. Gestation:
The gestation period averages 63 days (about 9 weeks). Pregnant Shih Tzus should be fed a high-quality, small-breed-appropriate diet with enough calories to support fetal growth without causing excessive weight gain, which can complicate delivery.

4. Birth of Puppies:
Typical litter sizes range from 2 to 5 puppies. Due to their compact body structure and large-headed puppies, Shih Tzus are at higher risk for dystocia (difficult labor), and some deliveries may require veterinary assistance or a planned cesarean section.

5. Care and Nurturing:
For the first 3–4 weeks, the mother provides warmth, cleaning, and round-the-clock nursing. Puppies open their eyes around 10–14 days and begin walking shortly thereafter.

6. Weaning and Socialization:
Weaning typically starts at 4 weeks, with gradual introduction to soft puppy food. Early socialization between 4–12 weeks is essential to help Shih Tzu puppies develop into confident, well-adjusted adults.

7. Independence:
By 8–10 weeks, puppies are usually ready for rehoming, though many breeders keep them until 12 weeks to ensure strong development, proper bite alignment, and early training.

Because Shih Tzus are prone to brachycephalic breathing issues, dental crowding, and eye injuries, responsible breeders perform health screenings and maintain careful breeding practices to ensure healthy, thriving litters.

Lifespan

Lifespan in the Home Environment:
Shih Tzus typically live 10 to 16 years, with many reaching 14–15 years when provided with proper nutrition, grooming, and veterinary care. Their sturdy build and generally healthy constitution for a toy breed contribute to their longevity.

Lifespan in Active or Show Roles:
Show Shih Tzus often receive top-tier grooming, diet, and veterinary care, which can support a long, healthy life. However, the stress of frequent travel, long grooming sessions, and competition schedules can be tiring if not managed carefully. With balanced care, their lifespan is similar to that of companion Shih Tzus.

Common Health Factors Affecting Lifespan:

• Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome: Breathing difficulties due to short muzzle.

• Eye Problems: Such as corneal ulcers, dry eye, and progressive retinal atrophy.

• Dental Disease: Crowded teeth make them prone to tartar buildup and gum issues.

• Patellar Luxation: Kneecap instability common in small breeds.

• Hypothyroidism: Can impact metabolism and coat health.

• Allergies/Skin Issues: Often related to grooming or diet.

Ways to Maximize Lifespan:

• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce strain on joints and the heart.

• Provide daily grooming and keep hair trimmed around eyes to prevent irritation.

• Feed a high-quality, small-breed diet rich in protein and omega fatty acids.

• Schedule annual veterinary checkups, with dental cleanings as needed.

• Avoid excessive heat and overexertion due to breathing limitations.

With attentive care, Shih Tzus can remain playful, affectionate, and full of personality well into their senior years, often enjoying a long and healthy companionship with their families.

Eating Habits

Diet:
Shih Tzus thrive on a high-quality, small-breed-specific diet that supports their compact build, energy needs, and coat health. Food should include lean animal protein (chicken, turkey, lamb, beef, or fish), healthy fats for skin and coat, and digestible carbohydrates for steady energy. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are especially important for maintaining their silky, long coat.

Feeding Schedule:

• Puppies (under 6 months): 3–4 small meals daily to support rapid growth and prevent hypoglycemia.

• Adults: 2–3 small meals daily to match their moderate energy needs.

• Seniors: 2 smaller meals daily, with calories adjusted to maintain a healthy weight and support joint and heart health.

Eating Behavior:
Shih Tzus can be picky eaters, especially if offered too many treats or table scraps. Their short muzzles (brachycephalic structure) can make it harder to pick up certain kibble shapes, so small, bite-sized pieces are ideal.

Special Considerations:

• Dental Health: Crowded teeth make them prone to tartar buildup; offering dental chews or crunchy kibble helps maintain oral hygiene.

• Weight Management: They can gain weight easily, which worsens breathing issues and joint strain.

• Allergy Sensitivity: Some Shih Tzus may have food allergies, often to grains or certain proteins; limited-ingredient diets can help.

• Coat Health: Diets rich in fish oil, flaxseed, or biotin help keep the coat shiny and reduce dryness.

Treats and Extras:
Healthy treats include apple slices (without seeds), blueberries, carrots, green beans, and small amounts of cooked lean meat. Avoid feeding chocolate, grapes, onions, garlic, or high-fat/salty foods.

A portion-controlled, nutrient-rich feeding plan tailored to their size and grooming needs ensures Shih Tzus maintain good health, high energy, and their signature beautiful coat throughout life.

Uniqueness

The Shih Tzu is a royal companion breed with a long history, distinctive appearance, and affectionate personality that set it apart from other toy dogs:

Imperial Origins:
Bred in ancient China and Tibet, Shih Tzus were favored by Chinese emperors and nobility as lap dogs and palace companions. They were often called “lion dogs” because their long, flowing mane-like coat resembled traditional Chinese lion statues.

Luxurious Coat:
Their long, silky double coat is one of the most beautiful in the dog world, capable of reaching the ground when fully grown and meticulously groomed. This coat comes in a wide range of colors and patterns, adding to their individuality.

Charming Expression:
Large, round eyes and a short, upturned nose give the Shih Tzu a warm, sweet, and often playful facial expression that wins over both owners and strangers.

Gentle, Adaptable Temperament:
Shih Tzus are friendly, outgoing, and adaptable, making them equally suited to apartment living or larger homes. They generally get along well with other pets and people of all ages.

Distinctive Tail and Carriage:
Their high-set, plume-like tail arches gracefully over the back, enhancing their regal, proud stance.

Brachycephalic Personality:
While their short muzzle requires some care to avoid breathing issues, it also gives them their distinctive “baby-faced” appearance that remains charming well into old age.

Enduring Popularity:
From ancient palaces to modern homes worldwide, the Shih Tzu’s combination of elegance, charm, and loving naturehas made it one of the most beloved and recognizable toy breeds in history.